APPENDIX
C
CONJUGATION
C1.8 ORAL LIQUID VERBS; C1.9 NASAL LIQUID
VERBS
C1.81 The verb stem (root) of a liquid verb is often somewhat disguised in the present and aorist tenses by the addition of other morphs (including infixes); it can be seen most clearly in the future tense, by deleting the future morph and pronoun ending from the flexion form for the future.
C1.82 The general rule for obtaining the Principal Parts of a liquid verb is:
(a) The future
is formed from the verb stem by adding -ε-
as the future morph instead of -σ-
(b) The aorist
is formed by adding the augment ἐ-
and the punctiliar morph -α- to the verb stem;
(c) The perfect
forms are obtained by adding the reduplication and -κα- and -μαι respectively for active and middle
flexions, but -ν-
changes to -γ
(enga¹¹) before -κα-, and to -μ- (occasionally to -σ-) before -μαι.
C1.83 Where the verb stem ends in a single vowel plus -λ the -λ doubles in the present stem. There are twelve New Testament verbs with stems
in -λ (nine of the First
Conjugation, three of the Second Conjugation) which conform to this rule. The
rule does not apply to the one New Testament verb with a stem in a diphthong
plus -λ (nor the five
irregular –λ verbs in #C1.88).
These thirteen verbs are:
FIRST CONJUGATION: |
SECOND CONJUGATION: |
||||
Stem |
Present |
Meaning |
Stem |
Present |
Meaning |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ἀγγελ- |
ἀγγέλλω |
announce |
ἀναθαλ- |
ἀναθάλλω |
revive |
ἁλ- |
ἅλλομαι |
leap |
βαλ- |
βάλλω |
throw |
ἀνατελ- |
ἀνατέλλω |
rise |
ἐφαλ- |
ἐφάλλομαι |
jump on |
ἐντελ- |
ἐντέλλομαι |
command |
|
|
|
ἐπικελ- |
έπικέλλω |
run aground |
|
|
|
σκυλ- |
σκύλλω |
trouble |
|
|
|
στελ- |
στέλλω |
send |
DIPHTHONG -λ STEM |
||
τιλ- |
τίλλω |
pluck |
|
|
|
ψαλ- |
ψάλλω |
sing |
ὀφειλ- |
ὀφείλω |
owe |
One verb, of the First Conjugation - θέλω, "wish" - does not conform to this rule but retains the single -λ, and the unrelated verbs μέλλω, "intend", and μέλω, "concern", retain their double lambda and single lambda stems respectively outside of the durative.
C1.84 Where the lexical form of a verb ends in -αιρ-, -ειρ-, -αιν-, or -ειν-, plus -ar, the verb has inserted -ι- before the liquid in forming the present stem, and the verb stem lacks this -ι- (that is to say, this -ι- is a durative infix). There arc 27 New Testament verbs in this category eight with stems in -ρ, and nineteen with stems in -ν. They are:
VERB STEMS IN
-ρ |
VERB STEMS IN -ν |
||||
Stem |
Present |
Meaning |
Stem |
Present |
Meaning |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ἀρ- |
αἴρω |
take up |
ἀποκτεν- |
ἀποκτείνω |
kill |
ἐγερ- |
ἐγείρω |
raise |
βασκαν- |
βασκαίνω |
bewitch |
καθαρ- |
καθαίρω |
clean |
εὐφραν- |
εὐφραίνω |
make glad |
κερ- |
κείρω |
shear |
θερμαν- |
θερμαίνομαι |
warm |
περιπερ- |
περιπείρω |
pierce |
λευκαν- |
λευκαίνω |
whiten |
σπερ- |
σπείρω |
sow |
λυμαν- |
λυμαίνομαι |
harass |
φθερ- |
φθείρω |
ruin |
μαν- |
μαίνομαι |
be insane |
χαρ- |
χαίρω |
rejoice |
μαραν- |
μαραίνω |
wither away |
|
|
|
μιαν- |
μιαίνω |
defile |
|
|
|
μωραν- |
μωραίνω |
make foolish |
|
|
|
ξηραν- |
ξηραίνω |
dry up |
|
|
|
πικραν- |
πικραίνω |
make bitter |
|
|
|
ποιμαν- |
ποιμαίνω |
shepherd |
|
|
|
ῥυπαν- |
ῥυπαίνομαι |
be impure |
|
|
|
σαν- |
σαίνομαι |
be disturbed |
|
|
|
σημαν- |
σημαίνω |
indicate |
|
|
|
-τεν- |
-τείνω |
stretch |
|
|
|
ὑγιαν- |
ὑγιαίνω |
be healthy |
|
|
|
φαν- |
φαίνω |
shine/appear |
Two verbs in -ερ and one in -εν do not add -ι- in forming the present stem:
δερ- |
δέρω |
thrash |
μεν- |
μένω |
remain |
φερ- |
φέρω |
carry |
|
|
|
C1.85 Where the verb stem ends in -ε- plus -ρ, -λ, or -ν then:
(a) That verb
always forms its aorist active from the verb stem by adding -ι- before the liquid as well as -α- after it. In these aorist flexions,
what has happened is that when the punctiliar morph -σα- is added to the liquid in forming the
tense stem, the -σ-
slides off the liquid, and in compensation for the loss of the sigma, a stem
letter, the -ε- in
the root becomes -ει- by
compensatory lengthening (#Ε2.43).
(b) Where the
stem is a monosyllable (not counting the preposition in compound forms), it
forms its perfect and its aorist passive flexions from the verb stem by
changing the -ε- to
-α- (see Paradigm Cl.8b:
of the nine -ε-
monosyllabic oral liquid verbs which follow this paradigm in the New Testament,
only six have forms occurring in the perfect and/or aorist passive in the New
Testament or related literature [ἀνατέλλω, δέρω, ἐντέλλομαι, σπείρω, στέλλω, φθείρω]; and see also Paradigm C1.9b: of the
six monosyllabic nasal liquid verbs which follow this paradigm in the New
Testament, only one [ἀποκτείνω] occurs in the perfect and/or aorist passive and has -ε- as its stem vowel).
(c) Where the
stem is polysyllabic it retains the -ε-
throughout all its flexions (see Paradigms
C1.8a and C1.9a:
of the four verbs which follow C1.8a, only two [ἀγγέλλω and ἐγείρω] have stems in -ε-, and none of the twenty-seven verbs of
C1.9a have stems in -ε-).
The vowel change from -ε-
to -α- is the only
difference between the Paradigms C1.8a and C1.8b, and between C1.9a and C1.9b.
(The Principal Parts for these seven verbs which are used in the New Testament
are set out in #C8.61.)
C1.86 Where the verb stem ends in -ιν, the -ν- is dropped before the endings of the perfect and of the aorist passive. The three New Testament verbs which have stems in -ιν are κλίνω, κρίνω, and ὠδίνω.
C1.87 Verbs with stems in -ν
add -θην to form the aorist
passive (exception: φαίνω,
which adds -ην, that is, has a direct flexion); while
verbs with stems in oral liquids (-λ and -ρ) add -ην (that is, have direct flexion aorist
passives; exceptions: αἴρω
and ἐγείρω, which take -θην. Verbs with direct flexions are
discussed in #C4.
C1.88 Nine liquid verbs in the New Testament add -ε- to their stem in forming the future or
the perfect, and then function as if they were -ε- stem verbs like λαλέω (lengthening the -ε- to -η-before suffixes, as per #E2.31). Of
these nine verbs, seven add -ε-
to the stem in forming the future, then -σ-,
in effect taking a double future morph. These seven verbs are:
ἀπόλλυμι |
destroy |
|
ἀπώλεσα |
ἀπόλωλα |
— |
— |
βούλομαι |
want |
βουλήσομαι |
— |
— |
βεβούλημαι |
ἐβουλήθην |
γίνομαι |
become |
γενήσομαι |
ἐγενόμην |
γέγονα |
γεγένημαι |
ἐγενήθην |
θέλω |
wish |
θελήσω |
ἠθέλησα |
— |
— |
— |
μέλλω |
intend |
μελλήσω |
(ἐμέλλησα) |
— |
— |
— |
μέλω |
concern |
-μελήσω |
— |
— |
— |
-ἐμελήθην |
οἰκτίρω |
compassion |
οἰκτιρήσω |
— |
— |
— |
— |
The other two
verbs add -ε- to
the stem in forming their perfect and their aorist passive. They are:
διανέμω |
spread |
(διανεμέω) |
(διένειμα) |
(διανενέμηκα) |
(διανενέμημαι) |
διανεμήθην |
μένω |
remain |
μενέω |
ἔμεινα |
μεμένηκα |
— |
— |
Actually, one of these nine verbs is Second Conjugation (γίνομαι, which can be seen to have second aorist forms), and one is Third Conjugation (ἀπόλλυμι), but it is convenient to include them here with those of the First Conjugation with which they share in common the addition of the -ε-.
C1.89 The following Synopsis is a complete listing of the 79 liquid verbs of
the First and Second Conjugations found in the New Testament, and gives their
Principal Parts (see #9.6). Second Conjugation forms are marked ² against the second aorist Principal Part; direct flexions are marked †
against the Principal Part. As a general rule, only those Principal Parts are
given from which forms found in the New Testament are derived; but forms not
found in the New Testament are included where it assists in some way to have
this information (e.g. in seeing how another part is derived, and/or these
forms may occur in other Greek writings). A hyphen in front of a form (e.g., -τείνω) indicates that this is the simplex form
of the verb, but that it is only found in the New Testament in compounds.
ἀγγέλλω |
announce |
ἀγγελέω |
ἤγγειλα |
ἤγγελκα |
ἤγγελμαι |
†ἠγγέλην |
αἴρω |
take up |
ἀρέω |
ἦρα |
ἦκα |
ἦρμαι |
ἤρθην |
αἰσχύνομαι |
be ashamed |
αἰσχυνθήσομαι |
— |
— |
ᾐσχύμμαι |
ᾐσχύνθην |
ἅλλομαι |
leap |
ἁλέομαι |
ἡλάμην |
— |
— |
— |
ἀμύνομαι |
help |
ἀμυνέομαι |
ἠμυνάμην |
— |
— |
— |
ἀναθάλλω |
revive |
ἀναθαλέω |
²ἀνέθαλον |
— |
— |
— |
ἀνατέλλω |
rise |
ἀνατελέω |
ἀνέτειλα |
ἀνατέταλκα |
ἀνατέταλμαι |
— |
ἀποκτείνω |
kill |
ἀποκτενέω |
ἀπέκτεινα |
— |
— |
ἀπεκτάνθην |
ἀπονέμω |
render |
ἀπονεμέω |
ἀπένειμα |
— |
— |
— |
βαθύνω |
go deep |
βαθυνέω |
ἐβάθυνα |
— |
— |
— |
βάλλω |
throw |
βαλέω |
²ἔβαλον |
βέβληκα |
βέβλημαι |
ἐβλήθην |
βασκαίνω |
bewitch |
βασκανέω |
ἐβάσκανα |
— |
— |
— |
βούλομαι |
want |
βουλήσομαι |
— |
— |
βεβούλημαι |
ἐβουλήθην |
βραδύνω |
be delayed |
βραδυνέω |
ἐβράδυνα |
— |
— |
— |
γέμω |
be full |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
γίνομαι |
become |
γενήσομαι |
²ἐγενόμην |
†γέγονα |
γεγένημαι |
ἐγενήθην |
δέρω |
thrash |
δερέω |
ἔδειρα |
— |
δέδαρμαι |
†ἐδάρην |
διανέμω |
spread |
διανεμέω |
διένειμα |
διανενέμηκα |
διανενέμημαι |
διενεμήθην |
ἐγείρω |
raise |
ἐγερέω |
ἤγειρα |
ἐγήγερκα |
ἐγήγερμαι |
ἠγέρθην |
ἐντέλλομαι |
command |
ἐντελέομαι |
ἐνετειλάμην |
— |
ἐντέταλμαι |
— |
ἐπικέλλω |
run aground |
ἐπικελέω |
ἐπέκειλα |
— |
— |
— |
εὐθύνω |
make straight |
εὐθυνέω |
εὔθυνα |
— |
— |
— |
εὐφραίνω |
make glad |
εὐφρανέω |
εὔφρανα |
— |
— |
ηὐφράνθην |
ἐφάλλομαι |
jump on |
ἐφαλέομαι |
²ἐφαλόμην |
— |
— |
|
θέλω |
wish |
θελήσω |
ἠθέλησα |
— |
— |
ἠθελήθην |
θερμαίνω |
warm |
θερμανέω |
— |
— |
— |
— |
καθαίρω |
clean |
καθαρέω |
ἐκάθαρα |
— |
κεκάθαρμαι |
— |
καταβαρύνω |
weigh down |
καταβαρυνέω |
κατεβάρυνα |
— |
— |
— |
κείρω |
shear |
κερέω |
ἔκειρα |
— |
— |
— |
κλίνω |
incline |
κλινέω |
ἔκλινα |
κέκλικα |
κέκλιμαι |
ἐκλίθην |
κρίνω |
judge |
κρινέω |
ἔκρινα |
κέκρικα |
κέκριμαι |
ἐκρίθην |
λευκαίνω |
whiten |
λευκανέω |
ἐλεύκανα |
— |
— |
— |
λυμαίνομαι |
harass |
λυμανέομαι |
ἐλυμανάμην |
— |
— |
— |
μαίνομαι |
be insane |
μανέομαι |
ἐμανάμην |
μέμηνα |
μεμάνημαι |
ἐμάνην |
μαραίνω |
wither away |
μαρανέω |
ἐμάρανα |
— |
μεμάρομμαι |
ἐμαράνθην |
μαρτύρομαι |
testify |
μαρτυρέομαι |
ἐμαρτυράμην |
— |
— |
— |
μεγαλύνω |
magnify |
μεγαλυνέω |
ἐμεγάλυνα |
— |
— |
ἐμεγαλύνθην |
μέλλω |
intend |
μελλήσω |
(ἠμέλλησα) |
— |
— |
|
(μέλω) μέλει |
concern |
-μελήσω |
ἐμέλησα |
— |
— |
ἐμελήθην |
μένω |
remain |
μενέω |
ἔμεινα |
|
— |
— |
μεταμέλομαι |
regret |
μεταμελήσομαι |
— |
— |
— |
μετεμελήθην |
μηκύνω |
grow |
μηκυνέω |
— |
— |
— |
— |
μιαίνω |
defile |
μιανέω |
ἐμίανα |
μεμίαγκα |
μεμίαμμαι |
ἐμιάνθην |
μολύνω |
defile |
μολυνέω |
μεμόλυγκα |
μεμόλυμμαι |
μεμόλυμμαι |
ἐμολύνθην |
μωραίνω |
make foolish |
μωρανέω |
— |
— |
— |
ἐμωράνθην |
ξηραίνω |
dry up |
ξηρανέω |
ἐξήρανα |
ἐξήραγκα |
ἐξήραμμαι |
ἐξηράνθην |
οἰκτίρω |
compassion |
οἰκτιρήσω |
— |
— |
— |
— |
ὁμείρομαι |
yearn for |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
ὀφείλω |
owe |
— |
²ὤφελον |
— |
— |
— |
παροξύνω |
provoke |
παροξυνέω |
παρώξυνα |
— |
— |
παρωξύνθην |
παροτρύνω |
incite |
παροτρυνέω |
παρώτρυνα |
— |
— |
|
παχύνω |
grow dull |
— |
— |
— |
— |
ἐπαχύνθην |
περιπείρω |
pierce through |
— |
περιέπειρα |
— |
— |
— |
πικραίνω |
make bitter |
πικρανέω |
ἐπίκρανα |
— |
— |
ἐπικράνθην |
πλατύνω |
enlarge |
πλατυνέω |
ἐπλάτυνα |
— |
πεπλάτυμμαι |
ἐπλατύνθην |
πληθύνω |
increase |
πληθυνέω |
ἐπλήθυνα |
— |
— |
ἐπληθύνθην |
πλύνω |
wash |
πλυνέω |
ἔπλυνα |
— |
— |
ἐπλύνθην |
ποιμαίνω |
shepherd |
ποιμανέω |
ἐποίμανα |
— |
— |
— |
πτύρω |
frighten |
πτυρέω |
— |
— |
— |
— |
ῥαίνω |
sprinkle |
ῥανέω |
ἔρρανα |
— |
ἔρραμμαι |
ἐρράνθην |
ῥυπαίνομαι |
be impure |
ῥυπανέομαι |
— |
— |
— |
ἐρρυπάνθην |
σαίνομαι |
be disturbed |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
σημαίνω |
indicate |
σημανέω |
ἐσήμανα |
— |
— |
ἐσημάνθην |
σκληρύνω |
harden |
σκληρυνέω |
ἐσκλήρυνα |
— |
— |
ἐσκληρύνθην |
σκύλλω |
trouble |
σκυλέω |
ἔσκυλα |
— |
ἔσκυλμαι |
— |
σπείρω |
sow |
σπερέω |
ἔσπειρα |
ἔσπαρκα |
ἔσπαρμαι |
†ἐσπάρην |
στέλλω |
send |
στελέω |
ἔστειλα |
ἔσταλκα |
ἔσταλμαι |
†ἐστάλην |
σύρω |
drag |
συρέω |
ἔσυρα |
σέσυρκα |
σέσυρμαι |
†ἐσύρην |
-τείνω |
stretch |
-τενέω |
-έτεινα |
— |
— |
— |
-τέμνω |
cut |
-τεμέω |
²-έτεμον |
-τέτηκα |
-τέτμημαι |
-ετμήθην |
τίλλω |
pluck |
τιλέω |
ἔτιλα |
— |
— |
— |
τρέμω |
tremble |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
ὑγιαίνω |
be heathy |
ὑγιανέω |
ὑγίανα |
— |
— |
— |
φαίνω |
shine/appear |
φανέομαι |
ἔφανα |
— |
— |
†ἐφάνην |
φέρω |
carry |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
φθείρω |
ruin |
φθερέω |
ἔφθειρα |
ἔφθαρκα |
ἔφθαρμαι |
†ἐφθάρην |
χαίρω |
rejoice |
χαρήσομαι |
— |
— |
— |
†ἐχάρην |
ψάλλω |
sing |
ψαλέω |
— |
— |
— |
— |
ὠδίνω |
be in pain |
ὡδινέω |
— |
— |
— |
— |
This list contains only two verbs with -μ stems which are used in the New Testament outside the present/imperfect tense system (διανέμω and -τέμνω, in the compound περιτέμνω, "circumcise"). That is, all other verbs with -μ stems occur in the New Testament only with forms of the present stem.
The future forms are all given in this table in their uncontracted form with -ε-; but NOTE that they always contract in use, according to the normal rules of contraction (see Paradigms C1.8 and C1.9, above, for their flexions).